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61.
Silvana M. Sede Sofía I. Dürnhöfer Santiago Morello Felipe Zapata 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,173(3):442-451
Escallonia (Escalloniaceae) is a New World genus of c. 39 species distributed mainly in the South American highlands. Plastid DNA sequence data from the intergenic spacers trnS‐trnG and 3′ trnV‐ndhC and the ndhF gene for 32 species were used to examine the relationships among species and related genera and to analyse the relationship between phylogeny and the geographical distribution of the species. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference were employed to analyse the data. The sister relationship of Escallonia to Forgesia and Valdivia was corroborated. We recovered five strongly supported clades that are geographically structured, suggesting that the evolutionary history of the genus may be linked to historical processes, including the uplift of mountainous systems in South America. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173 , 442–451. 相似文献
62.
The earliest record of a seed with a pappus‐like, parachute seed dispersal mechanism, Edenia villisperma gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Upper Triassic of the eastern United States. The seed is small and roughly triangular. Clusters of long hairs emerge from a whorl of at least five circular scars just below the proximal end. This morphology indicates that the hair clusters represent modified lateral structures similar to the pappus of several eudicot angiosperm groups, but probably representing a case of convergent evolution of a similar structure in a gymnosperm. The seeds are usually found isolated, but one specimen indicates that they were born tightly packed together on an axis. A few earlier records exist of dispersal hairs, but this is the first clearly indicating a pappus‐like structure. Although the exact affinities of Edenia are uncertain, this seed demonstrates that plants with highly advanced wind dispersal mechanisms occurred at least 55 million years earlier than previously thought. 相似文献
63.
Behavioural and ecological observations were made on young, reared Platax orbicularis in Opunohu Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia, during their transition from the pelagic, dispersive stage to the reef‐orientated demersal stage. Seventy‐two young P. orbicularis (17–75 mm standard length, LS) were released in the pelagic zone and 20 (40–70 mm LS) adjacent to the reefs. Swimming speed was slow (mean 5·2 cm s?1) and independent of size. An ontogenetic descent was observed: the smallest P. orbicularis swam at the surface, medium‐sized P. orbicularis swam in midwater (mean 5–13 m) and the largest P. orbicularis swam to the bottom, where many lay on their sides. Platax orbicularis swam southerly on average, away from the ocean and into the bay. Smaller P. orbicularis were more likely to swim directionally than larger individuals. Young P. orbicularis released near reef edges swam at similar, but more variable speeds (mean 6·6 cm s?1). About half of those released near reefs swam away, but fewer swam away from an inshore fringing reef than from a patch reef near the bay mouth. Many P. orbicularis swam up the slope onto the reef top, but the little settlement observed was near the reef base. Average, near‐reef swimming direction was also southerly. Some reef residents, in particular the triggerfish Balistapus undulatus, harassed young P. orbicularis. 相似文献
64.
Lorenzo Carretero-Paulet Albert Cairó David Talavera Andreu Saura Santiago Imperial Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción Narciso Campos Albert Boronat 《Gene》2013
The synthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), catalyzed by the enzyme DXP synthase (DXS), represents a key regulatory step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. In plants DXS is encoded by small multigene families that can be classified into, at least, three specialized subfamilies. Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes encoding proteins with similarity to DXS, including the well-known DXS1/CLA1 gene, which clusters within subfamily I. The remaining proteins, initially named DXS2 and DXS3, have not yet been characterized. Here we report the expression and functional analysis of A. thaliana DXS2. Unexpectedly, the expression of DXS2 failed to rescue Escherichia coli and A. thaliana mutants defective in DXS activity. Coherently, we found that DXS activity was negligible in vitro, being renamed as DXL1 following recent nomenclature recommendation. DXL1 is targeted to plastids as DXS1, but shows a distinct expression pattern. The phenotypic analysis of a DXL1 defective mutant revealed that the function of the encoded protein is not essential for growth and development. Evolutionary analyses indicated that DXL1 emerged from DXS1 through a recent duplication apparently specific of the Brassicaceae lineage. Divergent selective constraints would have affected a significant fraction of sites after diversification of the paralogues. Furthermore, amino acids subjected to divergent selection and likely critical for functional divergence through the acquisition of a novel, although not yet known, biochemical function, were identified. Our results provide with the first evidences of functional specialization at both the regulatory and biochemical level within the plant DXS family. 相似文献
65.
Hemocyanins are multimeric copper-containing hemolymph proteins involved in oxygen binding and transport in all major arthropod lineages. Most arachnids have seven primary subunits (encoded by paralogous genes a–g), which combine to form a 24-mer (4 × 6) quaternary structure. Within some spider lineages, however, hemocyanin evolution has been a dynamic process with extensive paralog duplication and loss. We have obtained hemocyanin gene sequences from numerous representatives of the spider infraorders Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae in order to infer the evolution of the hemocyanin gene family and estimate spider relationships using these conserved loci. Our hemocyanin gene tree is largely consistent with the previous hypotheses of paralog relationships based on immunological studies, but reveals some discrepancies in which paralog types have been lost or duplicated in specific spider lineages. Analyses of concatenated hemocyanin sequences resolved deep nodes in the spider phylogeny and recovered a number of clades that are supported by other molecular studies, particularly for mygalomorph taxa. The concatenated data set is also used to estimate dates of higher-level spider divergences and suggests that the diversification of extant mygalomorphs preceded that of extant araneomorphs. Spiders are diverse in behavior and respiratory morphology, and our results are beneficial for comparative analyses of spider respiration. Lastly, the conserved hemocyanin sequences allow for the inference of spider relationships and ancient divergence dates. 相似文献
66.
The genus Mentha comprises a group of aromatic plants with worldwide distribution. Because of frequent interspecific hybridization, the genetic relationships within the genus are not clearly understood. Limonene synthase, which catalyses the first committed step in the essential oil monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, is considered to be a possible rate limiting enzyme. With the homology-based cloning method, primers were designed according to cDNA sequence to amplify full-length DNA sequences in 13 Mentha samples from five species, using Perilla as an outgroup. Analyses of gene structure, length variation, GC-content, Ts/Tv ratio and evolutionary diversity were carried out. Consensus phylogenetic trees were obtained using maximum likelihood, neighbor-joining, and maximum parsimony, respectively, based on the full-length genomic DNA sequences, complete ORF coding sequences and predicted amino acid sequences. The results presented here based on the sequence of MhLS provide the first credibly supported genetic relationships for Mentha, which enables a basis for further mint taxonomy, cultivation and breeding. 相似文献
67.
68.
气候变化对东北沼泽湿地潜在分布的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
东北地区是我国沼泽湿地分布最广泛的地区。为研究沼泽湿地对气候变化的响应,选取了对沼泽湿地分布可能存在影响的26个环境因子,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt)模型模拟了沼泽湿地基准气候条件下的潜在分布,并预测了气候变化情景下2011-2040 年、2041-2070 年和2071-2100 年3个研究阶段东北沼泽湿地潜在分布。研究结果表明:最大熵模型预测精度较高(平均AUC(Aera Under Curve)为(0.826±0.005))。基准气候条件下东北沼泽潜在分布区主要为大小兴安岭和三江平原地区。随着时间的推进,东北地区沼泽湿地原有潜在分布面积明显减少,而新增潜在分布面积较少,总面积呈现急剧减少趋势。至2071-2100年,原有沼泽湿地潜在分布面积将减少99.80%,新增潜在分布面积仅2.48%,总潜在分布面积减少97.32%。空间分布上,东北沼泽湿地潜在分布呈现由东向西迁移,南北向中心收缩的趋势。研究结果可为东北地区沼泽湿地保护政策的制定提供参考。 相似文献
69.
70.
M. Ghasemi A. Ghaffari H. SadAbadi H. Golbayani 《Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering》2013,16(6):857-864
Hypothesis/objective: Prolonged QT interval is an index of propensity for dangerous ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The aim of this article is to establish an automatic algorithm for QT interval measurement. Method: The proposed method is based on the continuous wavelet transform. In this method, the concepts of the rescaled wavelet coefficients and dominant scales of the electrocardiogram (ECG) components are used to perform detection of ECG characteristic points. A new concept of rescaled maximum energy density is introduced so as to perform the estimation of the QT interval. Results and conclusion: We have applied the algorithm to the PTB database of the Physiobank?Physionet in lead II. Then, the results were evaluated using pertinent reference QT. The criterion used for evaluation of the method's performance is the root mean square (RMS) error. The method approached the RMS error of 27.89 ms for 549 subjects. The proposed method is fast, simple and is applicable to a wide range of ECG cardio cycle morphologies. 相似文献